Effect of Social Inequality on Child Development Essay

As kids, the question is always asked, â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up?† Depending on the interest of their parents, the children’s answers vary greatly. If they come from a family of lawyers, the child would most likely say they would want to be a lawyer. If they come from a family where no one has graduated from high school, the child would most likely say that they would want to be a truck driver. The background and the status of the parents would determine the aspirations of children’s future. Social stratification determines a child’s outlook on their future career and education. A study done by Jay MacLeod explored the ambitions of a group of young boys. MacLeod explains that society proclaims that any child can grow up to†¦show more content†¦The inequality starts in the school, but continues because of the school. Turner claims that the there is two different mobility systems in the school; sponsored and contest. Sponsored is similar to ascribed status, while contest is similar to achieved status. Referring back to the children’s goals and ambitions, a sponsored system would help them realize the possibility of their goals earlier in life than the contest system would. In the case of the sponsored system, the child would be ripped away from their family in order to achieve their goals if the child was viewed as something greater than their family. This would be like a child going to a special boarding school. This child is selected very early one. In a contest system, the child’s goal is left up to them if they would be able to achieve their goals. They are in control of their achievements, not the superiority. Being involved in the sponsored mobility system sometimes requires a lot of power and wealth. â€Å"Very frequently the striving for power is also conditioned by the social ‘honor’ it entails† (Weber). The child could possibly get ahead by just fighting to reach his goals and gaining that honor title. In addition to power, wealth is very essential as well. â€Å"Wealth can be used as collateral to secure loans for futher investment; many of the wealthiest people leverage theirShow MoreRelatedChild Poverty And Its Effects On Children1123 Words   |  5 PagesChild Poverty in Canada Grace Abbott once said, â€Å"Child labor and poverty are inevitably bound together and if you continue to use the labor of children as the treatment for the social disease of poverty, you will have both poverty and child labor to the end of time.† Child poverty is one of the biggest issues facing Canadian children today. Child poverty can significantly shorten a child’s life. One of the major reasons child poverty in Canada is so high is because of low wages. 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According to LISTVERSE, the top ten â€Å"extreme† examples of gender inequality towards women that exists around the world today, specificallyRead MoreUnequal Democracy By Larry Bartle1503 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic inequality, and he concludes voters do not weigh more into social and cultural issues; rather Republic presidents are good at timing income growth to garner voters. The political environment has essentially influenced economy, in result has led to a growing economic gap between the rich and poor, which is a national and state issue that must be addressed. Education is essential to attain social mobility, however students face difficult obstacles. Even though we have laws like No Child LeftRead MoreThe Effects Of Islamophobia On The Past And Present1326 Words   |  6 PagesTo begin, social inequality in the past or present lead to chaotic consequences. Individual freedom of begin equal among started to vanish. Islamophobia began when the 9/11 terrorist attack occurred. After the 9/11 attack the development of the fear of Islamophobia began. In September 11, 2001, there was a terrorist attack and that took down the Twin Towers (Holman Silver, 2011, p. 483). Thus, this is a point of significant because this was the beginning of the major crisis of Islamophobia inRead MoreGender Inequality And Its Impact On Children s Developmental Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesWhen discussing inequalities, it is easy to overlook gender inequality because race inequality is prevalent and easily recognizable. Like racial inequality; gender inequali ty is also a real issue in America. Gender stereotypes are perpetuated throughout our lifetime beginning when we are children. Early on, children learn what is means to be a boy or girl from societal standards. Children begin to suffer from the boys versus girl’s mentality which is evident in the social behavior of children. Children’sRead MoreSocial, Economic, And Economic Status940 Words   |  4 PagesSocial, economic status (SES) is normally measured as a combination of income, education, and occupation. It is often conceptualized as a social class or standing of a person or a group. When looked through a lens of social class, power, privilege, and control are stressed. Besides, an analysis of analysis of SES as a continuous or gradient variable shows inequalities in the access up to distribution of resources. SES is necessary for all realms social and behavior science, including education, practice

Strategic and Cultural Analysis of BT Group Plc Free Essays

1. Introduction BT Group Plc. is made up of four principal lines of business and operates in more than 170 countries, as one of the world’s leading providers of communications solutions and services. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic and Cultural Analysis of BT Group Plc or any similar topic only for you Order Now The principal activities include networked IT services, local, national and international telecommunications services and higher value broadband and internet products and services. BT provides business, technology, services and support professionals around the globe (BT Group, 2010). BT is one of the FTSE 100 companies with a moderate market capitalisation of ?174.2billion as at January, 2011. It however, has a very low ranking when compared to the other FTSE 100 companies; it ranked 92nd position within the FTSE 100 group (Hemscott, 2010). The FTSE 100 companies was launched in January 1984, which is made up of the most highly capitalised blue-chip companies for share prices in the UK, representing around 81% of the country’s market. The FTSE 100 is widely used as a basis for investment products, including derivatives, funds and exchange traded funds (FTSE, 2010). The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the performance of BT Group one of the FTSE 100 companies since the financial crisis. The remaining part of the essay is organised as follows; section 2 focus on the most recent international expansion project of BT Group, Section 3 focus on the assessment of how cultural differences may hinder the growth of sustainable competitive advantage, section 4 focus on the evaluation of the financial performance of BT Group in the last four years, and section 5 concludes the essay. 2. BT Group: Recent International Expansion Project In recent year, BT Group launched a global service titled, 21st Century Network (21CN Vision). The 21CN is designed to empower end users, organisations and communications providers with control, choice and flexibility. It is a service offer to communication providers which offers the ability to scale the client’s telecommunication infrastructure to meet their business needs, reduce complexity, reduce reliance on legacy platforms and to consume computing resources as it is needed (BT Group 21CN Vision, 2010). At the heart of the 21CN is a world class Service Oriented Infrastructure platform (SOI), which enables BT Group to deliver virtualisation, Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and enable re-usable capabilities that transform service delivery, lower cost, and accelerate deployment circles. The SOI Platform enables the clients, not only to converge voice and data, but to add mobility service such as Field Force Automation and Fixed/ Mobile convergence. It also boosts collaborationthrough tools such as audio and video conferencing and improves business process performance by lowering costs and increasing agility. The BT’s 21st Century Network extends to over 80,000 customers across 174 countries worldwide, including over 8,500 multisite government and private organisations. There are currently 1,250 PoPs, a figure that is growing at the rate of one per day. 3. Cultural Differences and Growth of Sustainable Competitive Advantage The BT Group operates across 174 countries where there are diversities of cultures. The international business literature suggests several reasons why global diversification and firm performance should be positively related. First, markets are not perfectly integrated; the involvement in more than one national market serves to balance out regional macroeconomic trends that are less than perfectly correlated. As a result, multi-national enterprises should experience greater market performance since investors recognise and reward performance stability (Shaked, 1986). Relatedly, greater spread across international markets reduces risk profile of the corporation’s overall portfolio of the business units, which in turns should have a salutary effect on corporate performance (Caves, 1982; Rugman, 1979). Secondly, international diversification may yield cost advantages by allowing the firm to expand in its domain of distinctive competence and boost production economies without resorting to product diversification (Buhner, 1987; Hirsch, 1976). Thirdly, market imperfection theory suggests that multi-nationals can exploit their home monopoly advantage (e.g. intangible firm-specific assets such as technology and brand name recognition) by increasing their international presence (Palich, 1994). Finally, international diversification can boost market power by allowing the firm to arbitrage tax regimes (Agmon and Lessard, 1977; Lessard, 1979), obtain more accurate environmental information (Vernon, 1979) and raise barriers to entry (Palepu, 1985). One glaring gap despite these advantages is a failure to consider the impact of cultural diversity. High cultural heterogeneity in MNEs global portfolio business units may offset the purported economic benefits of international diversification (Gomez-Mejia and Palich, 1997). Bartlett (1986), Bartlett and Ghoshal (1992) and Jain (1989) opines that general management expertise and technical know-how are more difficult to exploit when differences in cultural context make activity sharing and synergy formation among business units less efficient. Venkatraman, MacMillan and McGrath (1992) assert that innovation within the global firm may be impeded by cultural barriers. Heiko (1989) observed that effectiveness of technology implementation may be influenced by cultural factors. For example, the Just-in-Time (JIT) method of inventory management which was well received in Japan, leading to substantial savings has produced disappointing results in other countries. Adler (1991), Boyacigiller (1990), Harris and Moran (1992) Hendon, Hendon and Herbig (1996) concluded that attempts to successfully operate multiple business units in diverse cultural contexts may be frustrated by conflict and frictions within the firm, causes lack of cohesion and misunderstandings am ong key decision makers and communication breakdowns between boundary spanners. Cultural heterogeneity can affect the nature and effectiveness of operational human resource programs in such functional areas as compensation and awards, performance appraisal, staffing and labour relations. As diversity of culture increases, human resource programs must become more complex and sophisticated to deal with. Taken all the above arguments together, one may argue that culturally related international diversification will positively influenced performance while culturally unrelated global diversification will negatively affect firm performance. It is in the light of this that the performance of BT Group plc is evaluated. 4. Evaluation of BT Group Financial Performance Financial ratios played an important role in evaluating the performance and financial condition of an entity (Kim et al, 1989). Different ratios are commonly used in the finance literature. However, the ratios to be used for this essay are those that would be of interest to shareholders. The calculated financial ratios for BT Group Plc are presented in the appendix. The financial crisis period was the years 2008 and 2009; the impact of the crisis was reflected in the dismal performance of BT Group Plc. however, there was significant improvement in the various performance parameters as reflected in the various ratios computed from the most recent financial reports. For example the group Earnings Per Share (EPS) show a significant improvement over the previous two years EPS. Similarly the market price per share improved significantly when compared with the previous year’s market price per share. The return on assets also shows a significant improvement over those of the previous two years. 5. Conclusion On the basis of the computed financial ratios one may conclude that BT Group has benefited from its international diversification project and would be investors toast in terms or returns on investment. The implication of the above results is that BT Group business units are located in culturally related countries of the world. References Adler, N.J. 1991 International Dimensions of organisational behaviour, Boston, Kent Agmond, T. and Lessard, D.R. 1977 Investor recognition of corporate international diversification, Journal of Finance, 32, 1049-1055 Bartlett, C.A. 1986 Building and managing the transnational: The new organisational challenge. In M. E. Porter, ed., Competition in global industries, 367-404, Boston, Harvard Business School Press Bartlett, C.A. and Ghoshal, S.1990 Matrix Management: Not a structure, a frame of mind, Harvard Business Review, July- August, 138-145 Boyacigiller, N.A. 1990 The Role of expatriates in the management of interdependent, complexity and risk in multinational corporations, Journal of International Business Studies, 21(3), 357-382 Brigham, E.F. 1995 Financial Management: Theory and Practice, Hinsdale III, Dryden Press BT Group 2010 Our Company, online, http://www.btplc.com/thegroup/ourcompany/index.htm accessed on 25/01/2011 Buhner, R. 1987 Assessing International diversification of West Germany Corporations, Strategic Management Journal, 8(1), 25-37 Caves, R.E. 1982 Multinational Enterprises and the Economic Analysis, Cambridge, Lexington, Mass, Lexington Books FTSE The Index Company 2010 About Us, online, http://www.ftse.com/About_Us/index.jsp accessed on 25/01/2011 Gomez-Mejia, L.R. and Palich, L.E. 1997 Cultural diversity and the performance of multinational firms, Journal of International Business Studies, 28(2), 309-335 Harris, P.R. and Morah, R.T. 1992 Managing Cultural differences, Honston, TX, Gulf Heico, L. 1989Some relationship between Japanese Culture and the Just-in-time, Academy of Management Executive, 3(4), 319-321 Hemscott Group Limited 2010 FTSE 100 Index Prices, online, http://www.hemscott.com/prices/index-prices.do accessed on 25/01/2011 Hendon, D.W., Hendon, R.A., and Herbig, P. 1996 Cross-cultural business negotiations, Westport, Conn, Quorum Books Hirsch, S. 1976 An International trade and investment theory of the firm, Oxford Economic Papers, 28(2), 258-270 Jain, S.C. 1989 Standardisation of International marketing strategy: some research hypothesis, Journal of Marketing, 53(1), 70-79 Johanson, J. and Vahle, J. 1990 The Mechanism of internationalisation, International Marketing Review, 7(4), 11-24 Keats, B.W. and Hitt, M.A.1988 A causal model of linkages among environmental dimensions, Macro-organisational Characteristics and Performance, Academy of Management Journal, 31(3), 570-598 Kim, W.C., Hwang, P., and Burgers, W.P. 1989 Global diversification Strategy and corporate profit performance, Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 45-47 Lessard, D.R. 1979 Transfer prices, taxes and financial markets: implications of internal financial transfers within the multi-national firm, In R. G. Hawkins, ed., Economics issues of Multinational firms, New York, JAI Press Palepu, K. 1985 Diversification Strategy, profit performance and the entropy measure, Strategic Management Journal, 6(3), 239-255 Palich, L.E. 1994 Firm risk and return: An expanded theory of international diversification, Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, Atlanta, 152-157 Shaked, I. 1986 Are Multinational corporations saferJournal of International Business Studies, 17(1), 83-106 Venkatraman, S., MacMillan, I., McGrath, R. 1992 Progress in the research on corporate venturing, in D. Sexton, ed., State of the art in entrepreneurship, 487-519, New York, Kent Publishing Vernorn, R. 1979 The product cycle hypothesis in a new international environment, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 41(2), 255-267 Appendix 1, BT Group Financial Ratios for the year ending 31st March Ratios2007200820092010 ROA10.28%1.68%-4.37%3.51% EPS reported34.45.4-12.613.3 EPS adjusted33.67.04.218.6 DPS15.115.86.56.9 Payout Ratio43.9%293.6%-54.17%51.88% Market Share Price303.75217.2578.2123.9 Div. Yield4.97%7.27%8.31%5.57% P/E Ratio8.83times40.23times9.32 times Earnings Yield11.33%2.49%10.73% Market to Book Ratio1.681.8525.38-1.14 Source: Computed from BT Group financial reports for the years ending, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 [/level-freee-rstricted] How to cite Strategic and Cultural Analysis of BT Group Plc, Essay examples

On The Universality Of Poetry Essay Example For Students

On The Universality Of Poetry Essay Like any art form, poetry is considered universal. It ranks with music, dance, and fine arts as a form or process of expressing Mans thoughts and passions. Unlike other art forms, however, poetry and in fact literature has a peculiar characteristic. As a medium it uses language, and unlike other mediums like rocks, paints, beat language is not universal, it is cultural. Since culture varies according to geography, time, religion, and gender it is without doubt that there are multitudes of different languages. Thus poetry becomes cultural or non-universal in form, a characteristic that confines the production and reception of poetry to people that understand the form(language, symbolism, idiom etc etc) that poetry use a relatively small class of people. Some time ago, our English class read T.S. Elliots The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock, a long poem in the form of a soliloquy on whether or not the persona should or should not approach a woman he loves, eat a peach, or part his hair. Critiques declared it as the modern Hamlet a reflection of the consciousness of the Modern Man. They exclaimed that the poem is a concise description of resent ideologies and philosophies. With a lot of difficulty and guidance, we understood and even appreciated the poem, primarily because we are familiar with the language that Elliot used. But would a farmer or just abut any individual unfamiliar with the nuances of poetry understand o appreciate it? Maybe, but the most probable scenario is that they would understand the major points of the poem, but t not recognize little details that make the poem great the fact that it contains excerpts from major English writers and that the images in the poem echoes its sense. It can also be noted that the allusions present in Prufrock are Western in origin. There are cuts from Chaucer, Donne, Shakespeare and about every other canonical English writers. This technique of alluding to the Masters is not present in Prufruck alone. In fact, this is prevalent in the literary works produced in the past four hundred years. Allusion in poetry is not only for aesthetic purposes but also a way of showing respect to someone/something great. That almost all allusions are to Western pieces, imply that literature is indeed or what is considered to be great literature are essentially Western. Consequently the standard for literature became that of the Wests and the habit of Western-oriented poetry is established. It became increasingly more difficult for new and different to be accepted as great or even as poetry/literature. Thus Eastern writers in order to be great have to come up to this Western ideals and in the process become Western. The most common misconception is that poetry/literature is universal because it tackles the Human condition it is a reflection of Humanity. That even if an idea is stated in a different way, themes behind certain poems transcend culture, time, and therefore language. It is. That the indicission felt by Prufrock is no different from the indecision that Rama felt in Bhagavad Gita. Yes. But would an Indian appreciate the fact that Prufrocks internal conflict is about hair-parting and eating peach? Would an Englishman understand the Bhagavad Gita if it is written in Hindu or even understand the essentially Asian concern of wheter he should or should etc etc?The fact is that form and meaning come hand in hand. The form determines the meaning and vice versa. There cannot be one without the other. Thus if a person does not even go beyond understanding what the form expresses, what he sees is just a fragment of the piece of literature, a part of the whole. .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18 , .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18 .postImageUrl , .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18 , .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18:hover , .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18:visited , .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18:active { border:0!important; } .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18:active , .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18 .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3787a5f4ab774f2deb7a1ece6ddead18:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alexander The Great: Shaping A World EssaySince people are divided into classes of individuals with different colors, occupation, and gender each with their won way of expressing their already varying experiences even of the same events there can never be one unifying and universal language, form, and therefore nver be any kind of universal literature.

Integration of Nation States

There is an ongoing debate among political scientists about the current and future trends in international relations. The key question is whether the world of nation states becomes more centralized and interdependent or it grows more fragmented and nation states tend to be more separated from one another.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Integration of Nation States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper will defend the argument that international politics is more inclined toward unity rather than fragmentation and that despite numerous conflicts and disagreements, nation states try to find some common denominators in their relations with one another. To some extent this argument supports the theory of political liberalism which postulates that the policies of a state are inevitably affected by the interests of other players (Griffiths, O’Callaghan Roach, 2008). This trend can be explained by differen t economic, social, and technological factors. Finally, we need to say that international players have already understood that partnership is more conducive to the solution of common problems, faced by different countries. It is possible to draw several examples supporting this point of view. One of them is the large number of political alliances that emerged in the course of the twentieth century. One should speak primarily about the United Nations Organizations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organizations, the European Union, the Union of South American Nations and so forth. These alliances include practically every country of the world. Nowadays, they are taken for granted, while in the nineteenth century they were non-existent. This contrast indicates that contemporary international politics is more oriented toward centralization and unity. The key issue is that a country which wants to be a member of these alliances, has to comply with certain rules and regulations. Thus, the right s of nation states are no longer unlimited. Furthermore, one should not focus only on historical comparison. It is also possible to refer to the current events which also demonstrate that modern world is becoming more centralized. One of the most eloquent examples is the recent nuclear disarmament agreement commonly known as New START (Strategic Arms Reduction) treaty reached by the United States and Russia. According to it both sides will have to reduce the number of nuclear warheads. Political and economic interests of these countries may contradict one another but mutual willingness to promote global security forced them into this agreement. In this case, the centralization or unification of states appears to be a natural process since it will allow both countries to promote security and reduce expenses on the maintenance of nuclear weapon.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More We need to mention that the very concept of nation state is being transformed. Before the World War II, the state was regarded as a primary and unitary actor within the territory of a country; in other words, the state could do virtually everything with the citizens without having to ask for the permission of other international players. The most horrible examples of such power of a nation state are Holocaust, Rwanda Genocide, Darfur, and so forth. In each of these cases, the legitimate government of the country attempted to exterminate a certain ethnic group of people, and there was no international law that allowed other countries to intervene. The World War II changed the status quo, and one of the outcomes was the adoption of UDHR (Universal of Declaration of Human Rights) in 1948. Yet, we should also discuss the recent developments in this area. In 2005 the members of UNO signed an agreement according to which UNO has right and obligation to intervene into a nation state if there is a threat of genocide (UNO, 2005, p 1). Of course, this is just a preliminary step but it shows that a nation state is not the only decision-maker as it was before. Overall, this evidence supports the argument, advanced by the supporters of liberalism theory: international politics is gradually becoming more integrated and centralized. The key point that we can make is that modern nation states are trying to establish certain common values, inherent to any society, for instance, the right for privacy, free speech, freedom of expression. On the basis of these values, they develop their foreign policies. Furthermore, one should unity of nation states is economic relations between nations. We can mention the World Trade Organization, North American Free Trade Agreement, Mercosur or Southern Common Market. Again, none of these unions existed before 1957. This is why one can argue that nation states are more inclined to cooperate rather than act separately. To some degree, these trade agree ments show how national borders can be erased. Free movement of labor, capital, and technology is no longer hindered by the intervention of local governments. Certainly, no one can deny the fact that there are some limitations like quotas on imported goods, but they are no longer insurmountable. It should be pointed out that the policies of protections aimed at shielding domestic manufacturers, are being abolished by the governments of many countries. Currently, it is much easier for international companies to enter the markets of foreign countries. By looking at such countries as India, China, or Russia, one can see that separate nation states are no longer separated from one another. It seems that economic considerations are the underlying cause for the centralization trends in international politics.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Integration of Nation States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another example of such integration is the attempts of different countries to cope with environmental problems. We can mention the Kyoto Protocol which was ratified by the governments of many countries. It forces the countries to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Again, it is quite possible to argue that nation states have to take the opinion of other international players into account, and this tendency can be viewed as movement toward unity. Thus, if we look at this problem from historical or modern day perspective, one can see that the world of nation states is growing more integrated and centralized. This trend manifests itself in different aspects: trade relations, human rights protection, movement of labor force and capital, environment protection and so forth. There are several rational behind this tendency. One of them is that it is much easier to struggle with common problems like economic crises, local military conflicts, security threats, environment pollution, etc. Apart fr om that, the examples that we have discussed, indicate that separate nation states have consider the interests of their players in order to maximize benefits. Contemporary international politics strongly resembles a cooperative game in which players join their efforts rather than compete with each other. Certainly, we cannot say that the interests of different countries are in complete harmony, but the governments of different countries have already realized that cooperation in international politics can be much more fruitful than competition. Reference List Griffiths M. O’Callaghan T. Roach Steven. 2008. International relations: the key  concepts. NY: Taylor Francis. US. Department of State. (2011). New Start. Accessed from https://www.state.gov/new-start/ United Nations Organization. (2005). World Summit Outcome. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Integration of Nation States was written and submitted by user Malachi D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Relational Databases, Normalization, and SQL

Relational Databases, Normalization, and SQL A database is an application that can store and retrieve data very rapidly. The relational bit refers to how the data is stored in the database and how it is organized. When we talk about a database, we mean a relational database, in fact, an RDBMS: Relational Database Management System. In a relational database, all data is stored in tables. These have the same structure repeated in each row (like a spreadsheet) and it is the relations between the tables that make it a relational table. Before relational databases were invented (in the 1970s), other types of database such as hierarchical databases were used. However relational databases have been very successful for companies like Oracle, IBM, and Microsoft. The open source world also has RDBMS. Commercial Databases OracleIBM DB 2Microsoft SQL Server Ingres. The first commercial RDBMS. Free/Open Source Databases MySQLPostgresSQLSQLite Strictly these are not relational databases but RDBMS. They provide security, encryption, user access and can process SQL queries. Who Was Ted Codd? Codd was a computer scientist who devised the laws of normalization in 1970. This was a mathematical way of describing the properties of a relational database using tables. He came up with 12 laws that describe what a relational database and an RDBMS does and several laws of normalization that describe the properties of relational data. Only data that had been normalized could be considered relational. What Is Normalization? Consider a spreadsheet of client records that is to be put into a relational database. Some clients have the same information, say different branches of the same company with the same billing address. In a spreadsheet, this address is on multiple rows. In turning the spreadsheet into a table, all the clients text addresses must be moved into another table and each assigned a unique ID- say the values 0,1,2. These values are stored in the main client table so all rows use the ID, not the text. A SQL statement can extract the text for a given ID. What Is a Table? Think of it as being like a rectangular spreadsheet made up of rows and columns. Each column specifies the type of data stored (numbers, strings or binary data - such as images). Unlike a spreadsheet where the user is free to have different data on each row, in a database table, every row can only contain the types of data that were specified. In C and C, this is like an array of structs, where one struct holds the data for one row. For more information see Normalizing a database in the Database Design part of databases.about.com. What Are the Different Ways of Storing Data in a Database? There are two ways: Via a Database Server.Via a Database File. Using a database file is the older method, more suited to desktop applications. E.G. Microsoft Access, though that is being phased out in favor of Microsoft SQL Server. SQLite is an excellent public domain database written in C that holds data in one file. There are wrappers for C, C, C# and other languages. A database server is a server application running locally or on a networked PC. Most of the big databases are server based. These take more administration but are usually faster and more robust. How Does an Application Communicate With Database Servers? Generally, these require the following details. IP or Domain name of the server. If it is the on the same PC as you, use 127.0.0.1 or localhost as the dns name. Server Port For MySQL this is usually 3306, 1433 for Microsoft SQL Server.User Name and PasswordName of the Database There are many client applications that can talk to a database server. Microsoft SQL Server has Enterprise Manager to create databases, set security, run maintenance jobs, queries and of course design and modify database tables. What Is SQL?: SQL is short for Structured Query Language and is a simple language that provides instructions for building and modifying the structure of databases and for modifying the data stored in the tables. The main commands used to modify and retrieve data are: Select - Fetches data. Insert - Inserts one or more rows of data. Update - Modifies existing row(s) of data Delete - Deletes rows of data. There are several ANSI/ISO standards such as ANSI 92, one of the most popular. This defines a minimum subset of supported statements. Most compiler vendors support these standards. Conclusion Any nontrivial application can use a database and a SQL-based database is a good place to start. Once you have mastered the configuration and administering of the database then you have to learn SQL to make it work well. The speed at which a database can retrieve data is astonishing and modern RDBMS are complex and highly optimized applications. Open source databases like MySQL are fast approaching the power and usability of the commercial rivals and drive many databases on websites. How to Connect to a Database in Windows using ADO Programmatically, there are various APIs that provide access to database servers. Under Windows, these include ODBC and Microsoft ADO. [h3[Using ADO So long as there is a provider- software that interfaces a database to ADO, then the database can be accessed. Windows from 2000 has this built in. Try the following. It should work on Windows XP, and on Windows 2000 if youve ever installed MDAC. If you havent and want to try this, visit Microsoft.com, do a search for MDAC Download and download any version, 2.6 or higher. Create an empty file called test.udl. Right click in Windows Explorer on the file and do open with, you should see Microsoft Data Access - OLE DB Core Services. This dialog lets you connect to any database with an installed provider, even excel spreadsheets! Select the first tab (Provider) as opens by default at the the Connection tab. Select a provider then click Next. The data source name shows the different types of device available. After filling in username and password, click the Test Connection button. After you press the ok button, you can open the test.udl with file with Wordpad. It should contain text like this. [oledb] ; Everything after this line is an OLE DB initstring ProviderSQLOLEDB.1;Persist Security InfoFalse;User IDsa;Initial Catalogdhbtest;Data Source127.0.0.1 The third line is the important one, it contains the configuration details. If your database has a password, it will be shown here, so this is not a secure method! This string can be built into applications that use ADO and will let them connect to the specified database. Using ODBC ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) provides an API based interface to databases. There are ODBC drivers available for just about every database in existence. However, ODBC provides another layer of communication between an application and the database and this can cause performance penalties.

Baroque Music

Baroque Music New style music began to be developed in 1600, and this form of music later was called the Baroque style. Baroque music is quite different from medieval and early Renaissance music, the development of new harmonies and melody lines adds rhythm and variation of the work, giving them new shapes and shapes. The structure of the music also changed, forming various forms such as fuel and cannon, and introduced various instruments. In the Baroque era, Baroque music represents the fundamental order of the universe, but it is always full of vitality and elegance The style of polyphonic music is exquisite decoration, which is the definition of baroque music The baroque music is not a musical style, there are a variety of styles ... Robert has personally experienced major changes in the music industry.To enter the music culture The first step was a junior high school where my father joined the school band.Tipping trumpet and baritone is a bait to invite him to music.This early lo ve for music is that a group of friends piano and guitar It led to the creation of a garage band to join. The era of baroque music occurred between 1600 and 1750, the style of Baroque art prospered throughout Europe; during this period the range and complexity of the music expanded. Baroque music began with the composition of the first opera (with the dramatic solo voice of the orchestra). In the Baroque era, the use of multiple simultaneous melody lines of polyphonic alignment music is still important (being aligned to medieval vocal music is very important). German Baroque's composer writes small orchestras such as string instruments, brass instruments and woodwind instruments, as well as choirs such as organ, harpsichord, harpsichord and keyboard instruments. During this period, several key music formats were defined. And it followed the late stages of further development and evolution, including Fugue, Invention, Sonata and Concerto. The late Baroque style is a complex, complex and lavish decoration. Baroque Music Baroque Music New style music began to be developed in 1600, and this form of music later was called the Baroque style. Baroque music is quite different from medieval and early Renaissance music, the development of new harmonies and melody lines adds rhythm and variation of the work, giving them new shapes and shapes. The structure of the music also changed, forming various forms such as fuel and cannon, and introduced various instruments. In the Baroque era, Baroque music represents the fundamental order of the universe, but it is always full of vitality and elegance The style of polyphonic music is exquisite decoration, which is the definition of baroque music The baroque music is not a musical style, there are a variety of styles ... Robert has personally experienced major changes in the music industry.To enter the music culture The first step was a junior high school where my father joined the school band.Tipping trumpet and baritone is a bait to invite him to music.This early lo ve for music is that a group of friends piano and guitar It led to the creation of a garage band to join. The era of baroque music occurred between 1600 and 1750, the style of Baroque art prospered throughout Europe; during this period the range and complexity of the music expanded. Baroque music began with the composition of the first opera (with the dramatic solo voice of the orchestra). In the Baroque era, the use of multiple simultaneous melody lines of polyphonic alignment music is still important (being aligned to medieval vocal music is very important). German Baroque's composer writes small orchestras such as string instruments, brass instruments and woodwind instruments, as well as choirs such as organ, harpsichord, harpsichord and keyboard instruments. During this period, several key music formats were defined. And it followed the late stages of further development and evolution, including Fugue, Invention, Sonata and Concerto. The late Baroque style is a complex, complex and lavish decoration. Baroque music The style of polyphonic music in the Baroque period contains elements contrasting exquisite decoration, which is the definition of baroque music. The Baroque era is a transition period of art and music. Renaissance means playback and is often seen as playback. Baroque music is not a collective style of music, it is many different styles that can be divided into at least three different periods. Through the Renaissance, people have new interest in art and music, which brings the Baroque era, it seems to be a more transitory phase and has brought the maturity of classical era classical music starting from the end of baroque . What is the essence of baroque music? Baroque music represents order, the fundamental order of the universe. But it is always full of energy and beauty. Music reflects the mood of the times, and then as usual. Through this short overview, from the beginning to the present, please follow the development of music with baroque music in the historical context. Music a nd playing are as stylish as anything else. Currently there are two ways to play baroque music. It is modern and real. Both names are misleading. A little understanding of these options will guide you to the recording you choose later. The performance of baroque chorus music requires life and vitality. Music is full of excitement. In baroque music, it is common for emotional matches to a certain part of composition. This comes from the Baroque view that individuals are always controlled by a single emotion or emotion. But this does not mean that music should not be ruthless. Baroque choral works may have more obvious emotions than the music of the Renaissance. Emotional contrast MUST be achieved when some part is over and the other part starts with new rhythm and new dynamics I like baroque music rather than classical music. I chose baroque music because it is more interesting. Classical music is just too simple compared to baroque music. In baroque music, more emotions are evoked. A good example is Four Seasons by Vivaldi. For me, classical music is too boring and repetitive. Baroque music always makes me wary, let me guess what will happen next. I care more about the meaning of the work than the meaning of the work. I like Baroque music, but I never crush classical music. Many wonderful pieces come from two era of music Baroque music The style of polyphonic music in the Baroque period contains elements contrasting exquisite decoration, which is the definition of baroque music. The Baroque era is a transition period of art and music. Renaissance means playback and is often seen as playback. Baroque music is not a collective style of music, it is many different styles that can be divided into at least three different periods. Through the Renaissance, people have new interest in art and music, which brings the Baroque era, it seems to be a more transitory phase and has brought the maturity of classical era classical music starting from the end of baroque . What is the essence of baroque music? Baroque music represents order, the fundamental order of the universe. But it is always full of energy and beauty. Music reflects the mood of the times, and then as usual. Through this short overview, from the beginning to the present, please follow the development of music with baroque music in the historical context. Music a nd playing are as stylish as anything else. Currently there are two ways to play baroque music. It is modern and real. Both names are misleading. A little understanding of these options will guide you to the recording you choose later. The performance of baroque chorus music requires life and vitality. Music is full of excitement. In baroque music, it is common for emotional matches to a certain part of composition. This comes from the Baroque view that individuals are always controlled by a single emotion or emotion. But this does not mean that music should not be ruthless. Baroque choral works may have more obvious emotions than the music of the Renaissance. Emotional contrast MUST be achieved when some part is over and the other part starts with new rhythm and new dynamics I like baroque music rather than classical music. I chose baroque music because it is more interesting. Classical music is just too simple compared to baroque music. In baroque music, more emotions are evoked. A good example is Four Seasons by Vivaldi. For me, classical music is too boring and repetitive. Baroque music always makes me wary, let me guess what will happen next. I care more about the meaning of the work than the meaning of the work. I like Baroque music, but I never crush classical music. Many wonderful pieces come from two era of music

Critical annotated webliography Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical webliography - Annotated Bibliography Example or problem of public health among adolescents in Ireland, due to the fact that it exacerbates the respiratory conditions, decreases the lung volumes’ growth when the lung is exposed to smoke before maximum growth and is also an independent risk factor for the lung cancer. The quote above indicates the extent of effect tobacco smoking has had on the young people. This trend should be discouraged at all costs. The website reports that studies have proved that smoking initiation at an early stage in life poses a greater risk of cancer, years of tobacco smoking and independent of tobacco smoking intensity, due to the mutation of the cell in the underdeveloped tissue resulting to the malignant potential in the long run. According to the department of Health, â€Å"the Government approved the principle of prohibiting smoking in cars with children present† (Web). Indeed, this is a clear prove that smoking among young people is of a great concern. In a nutshell, this website has adequate information that will be useful to the researcher when carrying out research on tobacco smoking. Moreover, the quote above has highlighted some of the measures put in place to ensure that there is a reduction in smoking by the young people. These measures are significant and more should be put in place. This website is relevant when carrying out research on tobacco smoking since it contains studies that have been carried out on the various aspect of tobacco smoking including its dangers. Reported in the website, the Department of Children and Health in Ireland came up with a policy document that was titled Ireland a Smoke Free Zone: Towards a Tobacco Free Society. The policy document was formulated with an aim of reducing the smoking levels within the Irish society in order to prevent children from developing smoking habits. There are five main priority areas that were identified in the context of young people and the children reducing the smoking rates as well as the effects of the

External, Internal, and Construct Validity Essay

External, Internal, and Construct Validity - Essay Example Second, the research analyzes if it is logical to consider the relationship as casual and it is through assessment of internal validity that this specific issue is determined. Third, a research analyzes if it is reasonable to consider that the scores on measures represent their respective constructs and construct validation procedures seem to be most effective method to address this question. In social research, there are four main concerns that correspond to four types of validity. â€Å"In essence these four types of validity concern different sorts of relationships in the research enterprise. Construct validity refers to the relationships between theoretical constructs and their operations. Both conclusion and internal validity refer to the relationship between the operationalized treatment and operationalized outcome†¦ External validity concerns the relationship between the hypothesized constructs that were operationalized and other constructs of interest that were not.â₠¬  (Judd and Kenny, 1981, p 20). It is most essential to compare and contrast the characteristics of external, internal, and construct validity in order to identify the threats to external and construct validity and to comprehend how validity issues could impact a research. In a profound analysis of validity in relation to social research, it becomes palpable that external, internal, and construct validity are very essential in order to assess the true validity of every study and it is necessary to define them separately. Thus, construct validity may be defined as â€Å"the extent to which the theoretical constructs of treatment, outcome, population, and setting have been successfully opearionalized,† and external validity as â€Å"the extent to which the effects we observe among operationalized constructs can be generalized to theoretical constructs other than those specified in the original research hypothesis,† whereas internal validity is â€Å"the extent to which the detected effects

Privacy and HIV Essay Example for Free

Privacy and HIV Essay I. Introduction The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted on August 21, 1996.   It was primarily designed to protect the privacy, confidentiality, and security of health information.   The Privacy Rule, which took effect in 2003, regulates the use and/or disclosure of protected health information.   The information contained within this paper, regarding HIV patient privacy, will discuss the subjects of the HIPAA and Privacy Rule.   This paper will also discuss patient care and rights. II. Rights of Patients: Right to Life and Right to Privacy Many HIV clinicians, both national and international, adhere to a Patient Bill of Rights that list the general rights that an HIV patient has, in regards to their treatment and privacy.    Included in this section, are the basic 17 most important rights.   Also included, as part of the Patient Bill of Rights, are 10 of the most important responsibilities of an HIV patient (Wilder, 2000). First, an HIV patient has the right to respectful care, free from discrimination of any kind, including sources of payments.   Second, an HIV patient has the right to research anything regarding any diagnosis or treatment they have received or will receive.   Many clinicians often suggest that patients should conduct their own research so that they   may better understand any events taking place (Wilder, 2000). Third, an HIV patient has the right to know exactly who is involved in their medical care, at every level.   This includes students, trainees, and volunteers as well as doctors and nurses.   Fourth, an HIV patient has the right to be involved in the establishment of their care.   An HIV patient has the right to refuse any treatment that may be recommended (Wilder, 2000). Fifth, an HIV patient has the right to privacy.   This is one of the most important rights.   Sixth, under the right to privacy, an HIV patient has the right to assume that all records and any communication, written or verbal, are confidential, except in abuse cases.   Seventh, an HIV patient has the right to examine and receive copies of their medical records (Wilder, 2000). Eighth, an HIV patient has the right to assume that any advance directive they may have will be respected by any medical staff involved in their care.   Ninth, an HIV patient has the right to timely notification of changes regarding billing.   This also applies to changes in service fees (Wilder, 2000). Tenth, an HIV patient has the right to an adequate amount of time allotted during medical visits for discussion and questions.   Eleventh, an HIV patient has the right to assume that any medical staff involved in their care will take all necessary precautions.   This can be used two ways: precaution against infection from HIV and precaution against infecting an HIV patient with other illnesses (Wilder, 2000). Twelfth, an HIV patient has the right to make complaints or ask questions about their care.   They also have the right to expect a quick response to such complaints or questions.   Thirteenth, an HIV patient has the right to assume that any medical staff involved in their care will provide the best health care possible.   If a referral to other medical facilities is necessary, such as a referral to other medical facilities is necessary, such as a referral to an oncologist to treat an opportunistic cancer, the patient has the right to be informed of the disadvantages, as well as other alternatives (Wilder, 2000). Fourteenth, an HIV patient has the right to inquire about any third party relationships the medical facility has that could have an influence treatment.   Fifteenth, an HIV patient has the right to informed alternatives to treatments if a current treatment fails to have an effect.   This also applies to treatments that are still being discussed as a possibility (Wilder, 2000). Sixteenth, an HIV patient has the right to expect assistance to help with any handicaps that cause barriers.   This includes language, culture, physical, and communication.   Finally, an HIV patient has the right to timely visits with medical staff.   If a delay occurs, an HIV patient has the right to an explanation and apology (Wilder, 2000). The HIV patient’s responsibilities are not quite as detailed as the Bill of Rights, but coincide.   According to Wilder (2000), there are 10 main responsibilities an HIV patient has: 1) Provide medical staff with accurate information when possible.   Also, an HIV patient is expected to understand what role they play in their own treatment. 2) An HIV patient must take care of financial obligations as soon as possible. 3) An HIV patient must be considerate of other patients and staff, and also respect facility property. 4) An HIV patient must understand that both medicine and humans have limitations, and are not perfect.   There are always risks to consider and discuss with physicians. 5) An HIV patient must understand that the medical staff also has other patients under their care.   They have to divide their time and services as equally and efficiently as possible. 6) An HIV patient must understand as much as possible about their health insurance plan. 7) An HIV patient has the responsibility to report suspicions of fraud or illegal activity to the proper authorities. 8) An HIV patient must keep all appointment.   Whenever possible, an HIV patient must notify the medical staff if an appointment cannot be kept. 9) An HIV patient has the responsibility to notify medical staff immediately, if health conditions or medical care situations change. III. HIPAA Privacy Rule The HIPAA Privacy Rule, enacted on April 14, 2003, was designed to establish regulations regarding the use and disclosure of Protected Health Information (PHI).   This includes health status, health care payments, or any provisions for health care.   The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) is responsible for enforcement of the Privacy Rule, by issuing compliance activities or monetary penalty fees against violations.   In simple terms, the Privacy Rule is meant to protect a patient’s medical history, in its entirety, including payment histories, from being disclosed by covered entities.   According to the OCR (2003), covered entities are defined as health plans, health care clearinghouses, and any health care provider who uses an electronic means to transmit health information related to transactions. Health plans are one group of covered entities.   Health plans include health maintenance organizations (HMOs), Medicare, Medicaid, Medicare supplement issuers, Medicare + Choice, long-term care insurers, and health, dental, vision, and prescription drug insurers.   Health plans also include government, church, and employer sponsored health plans, and multi-employer health plans (OCR, 2003). Although they are few in number, there are exceptions in covered entities.   Insurance companies that only provide automobile insurance, workers’ compensation, and casualty and property insurance are exceptions.   In addition, group health plans with less than 50 members that is employer-administered and maintained is also an exception (OCR, 2003). Health care providers, regardless of their size, are a covered entity if it uses electronic transaction transmission.   These transactions include referral authorizations and claims.   However, an electronic transmission has to be connected to a standard transaction.   The Privacy Rule covers these providers even if they use an outside service to handle electronic transactions.   Health care providers include all providers of services, such as hospitals, and all providers of any medical and health services, such as dentists, physicians, and optometrists (OCR, 2003). Health acre clearinghouses are another group of covered entities.   These groups process â€Å"nonstandard information they receive from another entity into a standard (i.e., standard format or data content), or vice versa† (OCR, 2003).   Health care clearinghouses only receive specific health information that can be used to identify someone, when processing information to a health care provider or health plan as a business associate.   Health care clearinghouses include health management information systems, billing services, and repricing companies (OCR, 2003). The Privacy Rule protects all â€Å"individually identifiable health information,† called Protected Health Information (PHI).   Identifiable information includes any data related to a patient’s physical or mental health, provisions of health care to the patient, and any payments made for health care provided to the patient.   This information usually includes a patient’s social security number, address, name, age, and birthdate.

A view from the bridge is set in New York City in the 1950s. :: English Literature

A view from the bridge is set in New York City in the 1950s. Arthur Miller was born October 17th 1915 in New York City. His parents were both immigrants in the United States and were originally from Sicily. Arthur’s father had a successful business but it collapsed, along with the American economy as a whole, Following the Wall Street crash, as a result, Arthur had to work as a warehouseman in order to save his fees before he was able to go to Michigan University in 1934 to study Economics and History. I think he has the same background ‘The view from the bridge’. A view from the bridge is set in New York City in the 1950s, with a Sicilian background. Sicily is the home of all the characters which is an island in Italy. The characters change from old world Sicily to new world America in the book. Sicily had been invaded a lot of times by different countries, so this made the Sicilian people develop a culture of not talking or reporting to the authority, so the people of Sicily dealt with their own problems between their communities. Sicily was a very poor country after ww2 because Italy lost the war in 1948. A view from the bridge has a theme of old world Sicily and new world America, there is a lot of masculine and famine emotion between the characters. The characters brought their culture with them from Sicily to America and one of their main rules never to broken is don’t snitch to authority, the worst crime a Sicilian can do is snitch to the authority and Sicilians either kill the person for snitching or reject the person from the Sicilian community. I think the book evolved around the Sicilian culture. Incest is another theme of the book because Rodolfo and Catherine are in love even do there cousins , Eddie began to get attracted to Catherine who was his niece and other themes in this book is obsession, desire and control. Beatrice meant a lot at first to Eddie but when he was starting to loose Catherine, Beatrice knew that Eddie is attracted to Catherine in a different way from just family love but loved her in a sexual way; I think Beatrice became jealous of Catherine because Eddie was playing more attention to Catherine and forgot all about her, I think this challenged Eddies masculinity because he wasn’t performing in bed and controlling his marriage like a masculine man should do. I think the most dramatic scenes in the play is when Eddies masculinity is challenged and the Sicilian way of life is being

Apush-Revolution of 1800

AP Essay Redo Kaleb Duncan The election of 1800 was considered the â€Å"Revolution of 1800† by Thomas Jefferson because it was a switch from previous Federalist rule, to Republican leadership. Economies and plans for them changed dramatically with the Republican Party in control, as well as politics at the time. In foreign policy, Jefferson got America involved in the Barbary Wars and the Embargo Act.Previous presidents had done what they could to stay neutral in foreign battles and conflicts, but Thomas Jefferson took initiative and this is also present in the XYZ affairs with France. Jefferson brought the country into its real first international involvement. With judiciary, the real revolutionary happening of the time period was with the Marbury vs. Madison case when the Supreme Court was given the power of judicial review of the laws and actions by the federal government. It allowed for the Supreme Court to rule federal laws invalid if they conflicted with the Constitutio n.Politically, Jefferson believed in strict interpretation of the Constitution unlike his predecessors. He bought the Louisiana Purchase which the Constitution did not fully allow him to do. Under Federalist views, the economy of the United States was looking to be increasingly more urban with a shift from agricultural ways. With Thomas Jefferson being elected into office, he hoped that America would maintain a strict agrarian economy with crops being the top export to foreign countries.He wanted Americans to stay a primarily rural-living nation with farming the main aspect of the economy. The election of 1800 was also considered a revolution because politics changed hands from Federalists with strict views on centralization and creating a stronger national government to Republicans with the hopes of creating strong state legislatures and a stricter foreign policy where manufacturing was less important. The succession of Republicans contributed to it being called a revolution.

Research Methods Essay

The main factors that influence a sociologist’s choice of research method depend on two different theoretical approaches to the study of society; positivism and interpretivism. Positivism is an approach in sociology that believes society can be studied using similar scientific techniques to those used in the natural sciences, such as physics, biology and chemistry. Interpretivism is an approach emphasizing that people have consciousness involving personal beliefs, values and interpretations that influence the way they act and that they do not simply respond to forces outside them. These two theoretical approaches often use different research methods because they have different assumptions about the nature of society, this influences the type of data they are interested in collecting. Practicality, ethics, theory and subject of study also contribute to the methods used for research. There are various methods sociologists use to carry out a research on society. The two common forms are quantitative and qualitative research methods. I will begin by analysing the meanings behind the words, qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative methods are used by people that support the use of scientific investigation, it usually includes numerical statistical methods; the purpose is to expand and utilize mathematical techniques, conjecture and hypothesis. In contrast to this the qualitative research method. This is usually used by sociologists that support the use of humanistic research. It differs from quantitative methods in the sense that, qualitative research methods depend on specific reasons behind the way some people in society behave. Using the qualitative method however, they are prone to ask questions like, ‘why? or ‘how? ’ compared to the quantitative data which would more likely ask straight forward questions like, ‘what? ’ or ‘where’. In qualitative methods the research usually focuses on small samples instead, unlike quantitative research on the other hand, focus lacks and the methods usually inhabits a large, random sample. Unlike a quantitative method where the research depends restrictedly on the investigation of arithmetical or quantifiable statistics, data from qualitative research comes in many medium e. g. moving images, text or sound. Qualitative research was first recognised in the 1970s. Examples of Qualitative data are participant observation, direct observation, unstructured interviews, case studies etc. Examples of Quantitative data are questionnaires, surveys, attitude scales or standardised tests. They are practical issues that affect the methods sociologist may use. These can come from a range of financial issues to ethical issues. * Coaching Interviewers is comparatively clear-cut and economical however it cost more to merely redistributing questionnaire to people. Surveys that resort to structured interviews can cover great group of people with restricted resources because they are moderately cheap to administer however they cannot match the huge numbers reached by postal questionnaire. * Questionnaire and interviews collect straight forward factual information * Questionnaire results are quantitative because they are closed-ended questions with coded answers. This makes them suitable for hypothesis- testing. Sometimes there are specific factors could cause problems amongst certain research methods. Such as: * Time – Questionnaires would be more time consuming while the workload of surveys can be shared by a team * Money -researchers need an income and costs large scale. Social surveys are more high-priced than small focus groups. * Characteristics and skills of the research some situations may be risky and not all sociologist could cope handle this, a woman may have difficulty doing P. O in a monastery access and opportunity. If there is no access to certain groups then secondary sources may have to be used as an alternative. An example of this is when you get researchers hoping to cover a survey on a specific gang or cult. This could be dangerous especially if that gang may have a record of crime and callous behaviour. The researcher may find it really hard if not impossible to get access into the gang or cult; and if he was to get access he could be in immense trouble especially if he went under cover. * Some issues include ethical issues, sometimes certain research is taken on an undercover basis. This could be seen as illusory. Some people would argue that researchers should be 100% honest with the people they are researching on, it is only ethical, moral and honest that this form of sincerity is shown amongst whom the research is based on nevertheless when doing a research as an undercover researcher the questions of ethics arises. Is it morally correct that someone should be studied and researched on without consent or acknowledgement of such thing? The law is that undercover research can only be approved as long as there is no other alternative that is available. Posivists like their research to be scientific whereas Interprevists like to get into the shoes and go through the situation. Feminists, Ann Oakley decides her choice of methods and topic according to her own experience of childhood and motherhood. As a feminist she avoided methods which she described as having a male-stream bias (positivism). She selected the more qualitative and intimate methods of unstructured interviews and participant observation. She deems that the commission of sociology is to include the lives of the respondents.

Free Essays on Puritans In Early America

When King Henry VII dissolved the Catholic Church and made the Church of England rendering the Pope powerless in all English affairs (Williams, 4), some people, non-conformists, were not happy. They were persecuted for practicing their religion, so when they found a chance to leave, they did. This first group of people had been living in self-exile in Leyden, Holland. They were known by 3 different names, their leader William Bradford called them Pilgrims, those who held them in contempt called them Brownists, and to King James and his court they were known as Separatists (Williams, 48). They were forced to leave England, because their complete and unchanging belief that religion should be completely free from government. They became tired of Holland, because of their poor worship of the Sabbath, and were ready to find a new place to live, but only 35 were brave enough to go to the America, they were joined by 66 people from London. Their desired destination is not known, but they ended up landing at Cape Cod. After some exploring surrounding land the Pilgrims chose Plymouth Rock as their permanent settlement (Williams, 52). Although the first year almost half of the population died, by 1632, 11 years after the beginning their population was up to 500. By the end in 1691 the population was no more than eight thousand scattered in several towns (Williams, 53). Puritans made many settlements and had trade routes in between the cities. Inside of the cities life was organized and run very strictly. The church was the government and controlled everything under strict rule. They believed punishment for everything should be death or shame. If you had beliefs other than what the church wanted you to have you would be thrown in jail, or banished. The church felt fear of God was the way to worship, and also felt that fear was the best way to run a community. Puritans, like all Protestants, believed in predestination; God, they declared, ha... Free Essays on Puritans In Early America Free Essays on Puritans In Early America When King Henry VII dissolved the Catholic Church and made the Church of England rendering the Pope powerless in all English affairs (Williams, 4), some people, non-conformists, were not happy. They were persecuted for practicing their religion, so when they found a chance to leave, they did. This first group of people had been living in self-exile in Leyden, Holland. They were known by 3 different names, their leader William Bradford called them Pilgrims, those who held them in contempt called them Brownists, and to King James and his court they were known as Separatists (Williams, 48). They were forced to leave England, because their complete and unchanging belief that religion should be completely free from government. They became tired of Holland, because of their poor worship of the Sabbath, and were ready to find a new place to live, but only 35 were brave enough to go to the America, they were joined by 66 people from London. Their desired destination is not known, but they ended up landing at Cape Cod. After some exploring surrounding land the Pilgrims chose Plymouth Rock as their permanent settlement (Williams, 52). Although the first year almost half of the population died, by 1632, 11 years after the beginning their population was up to 500. By the end in 1691 the population was no more than eight thousand scattered in several towns (Williams, 53). Puritans made many settlements and had trade routes in between the cities. Inside of the cities life was organized and run very strictly. The church was the government and controlled everything under strict rule. They believed punishment for everything should be death or shame. If you had beliefs other than what the church wanted you to have you would be thrown in jail, or banished. The church felt fear of God was the way to worship, and also felt that fear was the best way to run a community. Puritans, like all Protestants, believed in predestination; God, they declared, ha...

Iphone 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Iphone 5 - Essay Example The iPhone 5 sold faster than iPhone 4S and the sale was described as extraordinary by Apple (McFedries 7). While the iPhone 4S disappointed the brandloyals who form the customer base of the Apple products as the designers strayed away from the original design of the iPhone 4, the iPhone 5 had the same design as the iPhone 4 but with different specifications and features. The designers of the iPhone 5 refined the already existing features and improved on them and made them more faster and efficient. The iPhone 5 is slim, snazzy and has better lighting. The iPhone 5 has new painting, different from the other editions. The back of this new iPhone is aluminium which prevents the iPhone 5 from scratching. Compared to the iPhone 4S, it weighs lesser by 12g than the former making it easier to carry and to hold. To make it slim and lighter, the designers had to do away with some components such as the pin connector. The designers also had to change to nano-sim from micro sim to save up on some space. The iPhone 5 is almost 8mm slimmer than the iPhone 4S. This difference in thickness may seem small but is very visible. The iPhone 5 is also slightly longer than the iPhone 4S to accommodate more room for display. The launch of the iPhone 5, marked the first time the Apple Company increased the length of iPhone series smart phone. Initially, all the former series were 3.5 inches long. But the increase in length serves the purpose of playing home to more icons being displayed on the home screen; movies can now be watched through the home screen with fewer black bars. The increase in length fosters better browsing of the web, access to emails and increased space for texting. The display resolution has also been improved as compared to the iPhone 4S though not much, but the slight change is significant enough to render the iPhone 5’s resolution better than its predecessor. These are just but the few improvements and advantages of the iPhone 5 as

Software Defined Networks (SDN) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Software Defined Networks (SDN) - Essay Example According to capability and application definition SDN seeks to provide a standard based application development platform and commoditize network hardware. This includes taking most of the functionality and features that exist in custom proprietary software then directing it in to an open SDN space. An in-depth on how SDN is implemented is that the system is incorporated in underutilized servers that information technology organizations already operate and own. In summary, the firmware of routers and network switches that has for a long time remained under the control of the companies that manufacture this equipment is been changed by making this remotely modifiable and remotely accessible through third party software clients, making use of open flow an example an open protocol. SDN allows for external access to the innards of routers and switches that were formally proprietary and closed and also for quick optimization and experimenting of routing or switching policies. The switchin g fabric of conventional Layer 2/3 networks serves as a routing and switching fabric for the blade center server chassis. These switches have the capability of layer 2 switching and layer three routing providing security and flexible traffic management in the chassis. The layer 2/3 fiber GbE and Copper switching modules provides full layer 2 switching making capabilities available such as link aggregation control, Cisco Ether channel, advanced spanning tree protocols and 802.1Q VLANs, Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), performance features and application delivery such as granular QOS, multicasting and snooping (‘Nortel Networks Layer 2/3 Gbe Switch Module’ 2004). The open flow technology showcases network programmability through the remote control application. This is all about remotely and directly programming a network switch to handle traffic dynamically in a particular way making use of the CLI type of commands. An example, to achieve the forward flow to a particular switch port, ensure other flows are blocked, while the switch is programmed to make such actions alternate in a predefined manner i.e. time interval of say 40 seconds. Use this demonstration using a number of servers that are to listen to the same multicast address while the switch is being programmed to allow a single server to give air play to a single client in the case of video servers. This application is applicable in the context of software defined networking as it empowers the operator, user and administrator to have an own definition of treating traffic. This, in a way, resembles the activities and operations of a TV remote control where one is able to switch through channels only that in this case it is automatic. This is transparent to the end host in that clients and video servers are unaware of the switch managing or controlling the traffic (Anderson, c, et al, 2009 Remote Control SDN). A command line interface (CLI) is a dialog or an interface where two prog rams or the user and the program pass a command line in SDN it is an essential key aspect. Such command lines used in software defined networks are some of the windows shell and OS/2 presentation manager these graphical interfaces helps programs and users communicate with their execution strategies such as opening programs and documents. The registry or the graphical shell is where these commands are stored. In SDN standard input/output interface (stdin $ stdout) can be